Altogether, fascist nationalism and transnationalism were interrelated rather than mutually exclusive. Thus, cooperation between European fascists was continuously hampered by mutual antagonism. Yet hypernationalism was deeply ingrained in fascist ideology, too. They also stressed their nationalist credentials. Nevertheless, fascist movements and regimes appropriated foreign doctrines and policies selectively in order to avert the charge of copying foreign models. Beyond high politics, cooperation between fascists extended to other areas, like recreation and public relations. This contribution will present evidence for the attractiveness of Italian Fascism and German Nazism throughout Europe in the 1920s and 1930s. it can comply with our aims, wishes and expectations or not. However, research on bilateral relationships between Italian Fascism and German National Socialism and of fascist movements in other European states demonstrate that transnational exchange is normatively ambivalent, i.e. In recent debates about transnational and inter-cultural approaches in historiography, crossborder relations have usually assumed a positive connotation for mutually enriching the parties involved.
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